Thermodynamic calculation and microstructure characterization of spinel formation in MgO–Al2O3–C refractories

In this paper, by simulating the gas phase conditions inside the MgO–Al₂O₃–C refractories during continuous casting process and combining with thermodynamic analysis, as well as SEM analysis, the gas-gas and gas-solid formation of MA spinel were clarified in carbon containing refractories. Thermodynamic calculations showed that gas partial pressure of CO, O₂ and Mg could meet the formation and stable existence conditions of MA spinel in MgO–Al₂O₃–C refractories under service environment, and nitrogen could not affect the formation of MA spinel at 1550 °C in the thermodynamic condition. The formation processes of MA spinel were analyzed experimentally under embedding carbon atmosphere. The carbon-coated alumina powders in MgO–Al₂O₃–C refractories prevented the direct contact between magnesia and alumina. Mg gas was formed by carbon thermal reaction, then reacted with alumina (gas-solid) and gas containing aluminum (gas-gas) to generate MA spinel. Through gas-gas or gas-solid reaction, the formation of MA spinel was effectively controlled. By means of SEM analysis, a two-layer structure with dense outer spinel layer and loose inner layer was formed in MgO–Al₂O₃–C refractories.     

Predictions of phase stabilities,electronic structures and optical properties of potential superhard WB3

For better synthesis and use of WB₃ triborides surface coatings, structural, electronic and optical properties of hexagonal and trigonal hP4, hP8, hP16 and hR24-WB₃ triborides were predicted through the first-principles calculation. The formation enthalpies revealed that all of these WB₃ are energetically stable, and hR24-WB₃ is the best stable phase. Electronic properties showed that these WB₃ have strong B-B covalent bonds mixed with W-B covalent-ionic bonds. The calculated reflectivity that these WB₃ triborides can be used as optical shielding devices for FUV radiation. Moreover, Nd-YAG laser with wavelength of 1064?nm is available for synthetizing hP4, hP8 and hP16-WB₃ coatings, while the laser with wavelength of 532?nm is suitable for hR24-WB₃ coatings. The calculated static dielectric constants and refractive index indicated that the optical anisotropy for these WB₃ is in a sequence of hP8-WB₃ >?hP4-WB₃ >?hP16-WB₃ >?hR24-WB₃.     

钢筋UHPC梁正截面抗弯承载力计算方法

超高性能混凝土(ultra-high-performance concrete，UHPC)是一种高强、高韧性和高耐久性的新型水泥基复合材料，具有广阔的应用前景。由于UHPC内的钢纤维能有效控制裂缝开展并提高UHPC的抗拉强度，因此，UHPC构件抗弯承载力分析时，一般计入截面受拉区UHPC的抗拉作用，但对于如何考虑受拉区UHPC的抗弯贡献，国内外相关研究结果间存在较大分歧，因此值得进一步研究。首先，编制钢筋UHPC梁正截面抗弯承载力分析程序，分析不同设计参数对截面受拉区UHPC抗弯贡献的影响。结果表明：配筋率、梁高、钢纤维长度、截面形状和预应力水平是影响受拉区UHPC抗弯贡献的主要参数。基于参数分析结果的回归分析，提出截面受拉区UHPC的均匀分布应力折减系数k的计算公式；通过引入受拉翼缘面积折减系数kf，考虑不同截面形状的影响。在此基础上，提出不同弯曲破坏模式下钢筋UHPC梁抗弯承载力的简化计算方法，并以国内外115根钢筋UHPC梁抗弯承载力试验结果验证所提方法的适用性。     

Modeling of Slug Velocity and Pressure Drop in Gas‐Liquid‐Liquid Slug Flow

Gas‐liquid‐liquid slug flow in a capillary reactor is a promising new concept that allows one to incorporate gas‐liquid reaction, liquid‐liquid extraction, and facile catalyst separation in a single unit. In order to assess the performance of a gas‐liquid‐liquid slug flow reactor, it is necessary to predict the slug velocity and pressure drop to ascertain residence times and reaction rates. New empirical models for velocity and pressure drop were developed based on existing models for two‐phase gas‐liquid and liquid‐liquid slug flows, and these were validated experimentally.     

α钛富氧层增厚动力学模型

为了实现在工业化生产中对α钛富氧层厚度预测和控制,通过实验研究α钛富氧层在高温空气环境中的形成及增厚过程,讨论热处理温度和时间的影响作用,建立高温(750~850℃)空气环境下关于温度、时间的富氧层增厚动力学模型。结果表明:当恒温热处理温度为750~850℃时,α钛富氧层厚度x与保温时间t0.5呈正比例关系,且升高热处理温度可显著提高富氧层增厚速度。在此温度范围内,氧原子的扩散激活能约为203473 J/mol,计算曲线与实验数据吻合性较好。结合文献中已有的扩散系数方程和实验测得的富氧层厚度数据,推导得到5个富氧层增厚动力学方程,其中3个方程的计算曲线与实验数据吻合性较好,可为实际生产中预估富氧层厚度提供理论支持。     

Probabilistic learning on manifolds (PLoM) with partition

The probabilistic learning on manifolds (PLoM) introduced in 2016 has solved difficult supervised problems for the “small data” limit where the number N of points in the training set is small. Many extensions have since been proposed, making it possible to deal with increasingly complex cases. However, the performance limit has been observed and explained for applications for which N is very small and for which the dimension of the diffusion-map basis is close to N. For these cases, we propose a novel extension based on the introduction of a partition in independent random vectors. We take advantage of this development to present improvements of the PLoM such as a simplified algorithm for constructing the diffusion-map basis and a new mathematical result for quantifying the concentration of the probability measure in terms of a probability upper bound. The analysis of the efficiency of this extension is presented through two applications.     

Heterostructured Co3O4/VO2 nanosheet array catalysts on carbon cloth for hydrogen evolution reaction

Developing highly efficient, low-cost, and robust water splitting hydrogen production catalysts is critical for hydrogen energy applications. This study presents the synthesis of Co₃O₄/VO₂ heterogeneous nanosheet structures on carbon cloth (Co₃O₄/VO₂/CC). The obtained Co₃O₄/VO₂/CC hybrid catalyst has a low overpotential of 108 mV at a current density of 10 mA cm^?2, a Tafel slope of 98 mV dec^?1, and high stability in 1.0 M KOH for 10 h. The experimental results and density functional theory (DFT) calculations results also show that Co₃O₄ coupled with VO₂ in Co₃O₄/VO₂/CC can optimize hydrogen adsorption energy and facilitate electron transport, thereby accelerating the catalytic kinetics for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). This work also provided an alternative method to design and construct non-noble metal oxide-based catalysts for alkaline hydrogen production.